Une démocratie fragilisée par les intérêts partisans
Face à l’injonction du CEP fixant à 30 000 membres le seuil minimal pour prendre part aux prochaines élections, de nombreuses formations se retrouvent dans l’impasse. Incapables, pour la plupart, d’atteindre ce chiffre, elles révèlent au grand jour une fragilité profonde. Au-delà de cette exigence numérique, c’est l’état préoccupant des partis politiques qui interroge : pourquoi sont-ils si faibles, tant sur le plan organisationnel que sur le plan idéologique et politique ?
Je ne cherche pas ici à défendre les partis politiques, ni à me faire l’avocat du diable. Je m’exprime plutôt comme un citoyen démocrate, soucieux d’harmonie sociale et politique, et désireux de voir émerger un autre Haïti. Le CEP exerce sa responsabilité envers la nation, tandis que les partis politiques défendent leur droit de participer à la conquête du pouvoir.
Depuis près de quarante ans, Haïti a du mal à obtenir de véritables résultats sur le plan démocratique, malgré une certaine avance théorique liée à l’existence ancienne des partis politiques dans le pays, bien avant certains autres États. Dans la pratique, les intérêts particuliers et partisans ont souvent primé sur l’intérêt général. Les lois de 2014, qui ont réduit à un niveau insignifiant le nombre de membres requis pour constituer un parti politique, illustrent cette dérive et ont contribué à fragiliser davantage le système partisan.
Plusieurs raisons expliquent pourquoi de nombreux Haïtiens, malgré leurs luttes pour la démocratie et la justice sociale, n’adhèrent pas aux partis politiques. À certaines époques, le mot même de « politique » était considéré comme sensible, voire dangereux, et se trouvait presque banni des conversations publiques. Cette méfiance historique a freiné l’engagement citoyen et rendu difficile l’adhésion formelle aux partis. Ceux qui tentaient de s’y engager prenaient souvent des risques sociaux ou personnels, ce qui a limité la participation populaire et empêché les partis de jouer pleinement leur rôle dans le fonctionnement démocratique.
Sans nul doute que les partis politiques ont eu, et ont encore aujourd’hui, des sympathisants déclarés ou non déclarés. Toutefois, le poids de l’histoire politique haïtienne a souvent freiné l’engagement ouvert des citoyens au sein de ces organisations.
Refus de la modernisation
Il s’agit d’un legs historique dont les acteurs n’ont pas su mesurer l’importance. Ils n’ont pas compris la nécessité de le moderniser afin d’éviter la reproduction des mêmes échecs, notamment ceux liés à la stigmatisation politique.
Ce qui se produit aujourd’hui apparaît donc, en grande partie, comme la conséquence des pratiques et des faiblesses transmises par les anciennes structures partisanes. Cet héritage collectif, au lieu d’être rénové, reste marqué par de graves carences, dont la plus visible demeure la mauvaise qualité de l’organisation.
En effet, lorsqu’on hérite à la fois d’un actif et d’un passif, on peut choisir d’accepter l’ensemble de la succession. Mais encore faut-il disposer des qualités nécessaires pour éviter la faillite. Dans le cas des partis politiques, cette exigence suppose une gestion exceptionnelle, capable de transformer l’héritage reçu — matériel ou immatériel — en véritable projet de modernisation démocratique.
La persistance de certaines pratiques, dépourvues de véritable fondement logique, fragilise aujourd’hui le processus démocratique d’une manière différente de celle observée le 29 novembre 1987. Le danger réside surtout dans la reproduction structurelle d’un mal jamais corrigé : la prolifération excessive des formations partisanes. Cette continuité aveugle paraît d’autant plus préoccupante qu’elle s’inscrit dans un contexte particulier, distinct de celui des années précédentes. En effet, aucune véritable relève politique n’a été préparée ni transmise, dans un esprit de responsabilité démocratique, à de nouveaux dirigeants au sein des organisations concernées.
Logiques personnalistes
Les anciens et les nouveaux partis politiques ont tellement de points communs que les exceptions relevées apparaissent surtout comme des nuances, même si elles méritent d’être considérées comme des phénomènes politiques importants.
À cet égard, l’écrivain Gary Victor semble les mettre dans le même panier lorsqu’il écrit : « Un parti politique chez nous, souvent organisé autour d’un homme, est toujours un petit cénacle avec des courtisans qui rêvent que l’homme à la tête du parti décroche un job, ministre ou directeur général, afin qu’ils puissent traîner après lui la masse de ses proches sous les mamelles de la République. »
Dans cette même perspective, on peut penser à la formule ironique du Dr Claude Joseph : « À la mort d’un chef de parti, on assiste à deux funérailles : celle du dirigeant et celle de la structure politique. »
Au début de l’expérience démocratique, alors que les partis politiques étaient encore peu nombreux, la peur des leaders fondateurs était renforcée par leur omniprésence. Les partis constituaient souvent un tremplin fondé davantage sur l’honneur, le prestige et la reconnaissance du savoir que sur une véritable organisation démocratique interne.
La participation des partis aux élections présidentielles, avec le numéro un du parti comme candidat naturel, a très tôt fixé les limites des autres membres, notamment du numéro deux et de ceux qui venaient après lui. Elle a aussi installé une tradition politique acceptée par tous, y compris par ceux qui en étaient exclus. Rares étaient ceux qui osaient dénoncer l’anomalie de cette forme de dictature psychologique régnant au sein des structures politiques.
La candidature présidentielle comme privilège du chef
À l’époque, l’accès à un poste de ministre ou de directeur général n’était encore qu’une option parmi d’autres, dans la mesure où le chômage et la misère n’avaient pas encore pris des racines aussi profondes dans la société haïtienne.
Après le départ des Duvalier, il existait encore un minimum de vie sociale et d’espérance. La course à la candidature présidentielle était cependant automatiquement réservée aux chefs de parti. Certains en profitaient même pour embellir leur carte de visite avec le titre d’« anciens candidats à la présidence ».
Par ailleurs, la peur des membres vis-à-vis de ces dirigeants a renforcé la logique personnaliste au sein des partis. Certains chefs ont même empêché leurs propres épouses d’être candidates à leur place, alors qu’une partie de l’opinion publique estimait que celles-ci auraient pu faire mieux qu’eux.
En 1987, un ancien chef de parti politique, ex-candidat malheureux au Sénat, candidat à la présidence et héritier de la popularité de son père, avait failli divorcer de son épouse. Celle-ci lui avait conseillé de renoncer à sa candidature au profit d’un autre candidat, jugé plus approprié, plus connu du public et plus compétent pour exercer la fonction présidentielle.
La prolifération des partis
On dit souvent qu’à quelque chose malheur est bon. Encore faut-il savoir dépasser les maux et transformer une difficulté en occasion d’amélioration. Un problème social, économique ou politique peut parfois devenir une opportunité, lorsque l’on accepte de l’analyser avec lucidité, même au cœur de la douleur.
C’est dans cet esprit que j’ai longuement réfléchi à cette situation préoccupante, après avoir appris officiellement, par l’organisme électoral, que plus de 380 partis politiques s’étaient inscrits en vue de participer aux prochaines élections présidentielles, législatives, sénatoriales et locales.
Comment expliquer cette profusion d’ambitions politiques, qui semble continuer d’enfermer le processus électoral dans la confusion ? Beaucoup d’acteurs politiques contribuent, chacun à leur manière, à l’instabilité du système, souvent pour masquer leurs propres faiblesses face aux exigences de discipline démocratique imposées par l’organisme électoral. Tout ce qu’on peut dire c’est que la prolifération des partis est le symptôme d’un malaise.
La tension entre le CEP et les partis ne doit donc pas être perçue comme une simple confrontation, ni comme l’acceptation du mal constaté. Elle peut aussi représenter une étape nécessaire vers une entente raisonnable, capable de corriger les dérives du système partisan. Car il faut bien reconnaître l’existence d’une véritable farce politique : beaucoup de partis n’existent que de nom et semblent avoir élu domicile dans la valise précieuse de leurs fondateurs.
Cette situation constitue un sérieux obstacle à l’enracinement de la démocratie dans la société haïtienne. Pour qu’elle devienne réelle et durable, la démocratie doit s’appuyer sur des partis structurés, porteurs d’initiatives, de programmes politiques sérieux et d’une véritable vision pour le pays. Toute chose qui demande certes du temps.
Dr. Emmanuel Charles
Juriste, politologue et spécialiste des questions constitutionnelles
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Evita E
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Marie Planta
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Eileen
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Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}
Eileen
Hello I'm Eileen by name, I'm giving a testimony about Dr.Afrid the great Herbalist, he has the cure to all manner of diseases, he cured my herpes disease, I went through different website I saw different testimonies about different spell casters and herbalist, I was like: 'Many people have the herpes cure why are people still suffering from it?' I thought of it, then I contacted Dr. Afrid via email, I didn't believe him that much, I just wanted to give him a try, he replied my mail and Needed some Information about me, then I sent them to him, he prepared it (CURE) and sent it to Airfreight Online Courier Service for delivery, he gave my details to the Courier Office, they told me that 3-5 days I will receive the package and i took the medicine as prescribed by him and I went for check-up 2 weeks after finishing the medicine, I was tested herpes negative, if you are herpes positive do me a favor for you to contact him and I will try my possible best to make sure you get cured, when you contact him, make sure you tell him that I referenced you.. contact him via: {drafridherbalhome@gmail.com} or add him on WhatsApp {+2349153512788}